plexDIA is a new framework that significantly boosts the throughput of sensitive proteomics by multiplexing both peptides and samples. Using 3-plex nonisobaric mass tags, it quantifies three times more protein ratios from nanogram-level samples without sacrificing proteome coverage or accuracy. plexDIA quantified ~8,000 proteins per sample in labeled sets and improved data completeness by over two-fold. It also successfully profiled proteome dynamics during the cell cycle, detecting known and novel proteins. In single-cell applications, plexDIA quantified ~1,000 proteins per cell with 98% data completeness in just 5 minutes per cell. These results demonstrate plexDIA as a scalable and efficient method for high-throughput, quantitative protein analysis across diverse sample sizes and biological contexts.